Introduction of Banking Sector - Free Essay Example

GENERAL INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE SECTOR The Indian economy is emerging as one of the strongest economy of the world with the GDP growth of more than 8% every year. This has given a great support for the development of banking industry in the country. Due to globalization, competition among the banks has drastically been increased. As India has a substantial upper and middle class income hence the banks have immense opportunities to increase their market shares. The consumer being on the receiving end is in the comfortable position but the banks trying to increase their market share have to continuously add value for consumers in order to increase market share and sustain their growth. BANKING SECTOR The banking sector is the most dominant sector of the financial system in India. Significant progress has been made with respect to the banking sector in the post liberalization period. The financial health of the commercial banks has improved manifolds with respect to capital adequacy, profitability, and asset quality and risk management. Further, deregulation has opened new opportunities for banks to increase revenue by diversifying into investment banking, insurance, credit cards, depository services, mortgage, securitization, etc. Liberalization has created a more competitive environment in the banking sector INDUSTRY PROFILE a) ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY The origin of banking in India is traceable in ancient time through the modern banking hardly 200 years old. The main function of bank is to accept deposits and grant loans. There is evidence of these functions being performed by a section of the community in the Vedic periods. There are many references of debt in the Vedic literature. During the Ramayana and Mahabharata areas banking, which was a side business during the Vedic period, become a fulltime business activity for the people. During the smriti period, which followed the Vedic period and the Epic age, bankers performed the function of the modern banks. The members of the Vaish community carried on the banking business and Manu speaks of earning through interest as the business of Vaishays. He accepted deposits from the public, granted loans against pledges and personal security, granted simple open loans, acted as bailee for his customers, subscribed to public loans by granting loans to kings, acted as treasurer and banker to the state and managed the currency of the country. Indigenous bankers used to maintain a regular system of accounts and borrowers used to sign the loan deeds. Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, a government-owned bank that traces its origins back to June 1806 and that is the largest commercial bank in the country. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally took over these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of India, relegating it to commercial banking functions. After Indias independence in 1947, the Reserve Bank was nationalized and given broader powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial banks; the government nationalized the six next largest in 1980. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks (SCBs) 27 public sector banks (that is with the Government of India holding a stake), 31 private banks (these do not have government stake; they may be publicly listed and traded on stock exchanges) and 38 foreign banks. They have a combined network of over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs. According to a report by ICRA Limited, a rating agency, the public sector banks hold over 75 per cent of total assets of the banking industry, with the private and foreign banks holding 18. 2% and 6. 5% respectively. Early history Banking in India originated in the last decades of the 18th century. The first banks were The General Bank of India, which started in 1786, and the Bank of Hin dustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other two being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1925 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon Indias independence, became the State Bank of India. Indian merchants in Calcutta established the Union Bank in 1839, but it failed in 1848 as a consequence of the economic crisis of 1848-49. The Allahabad Bank, established in 1865 and still functioning today, is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India. It was not the first though. That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India, which was established in 1863, and which survived until 1913, when it failed, with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Shimla. When the American Civil War stopped the supply of cotton to Lancashire from the Confederate States, promoters opened banks to finance trading in Indian cotton. With large exposure to speculative ventures, most of the banks opened in India during that period failed. The depositors lost money and lost interest in keeping deposits with banks. Subsequently, banking in India remained the exclusive domain of Europeans for next several decades until the beginning of the 20th century. Foreign banks too started to arrive, particularly in Calcutta, in the 1860s. The Comptoire dEscompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860, and another in Bombay in 1862; branches in Madras and Pondicherry, then a French colony, followed. HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869. Calcutta was the most active trading port in India, mainly due to the trade of the British Empire, and so became a banking center. [pic] The Bank of Bengal, which later became the State Bank of India. The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank, established in 1881 in Faizabad. It failed in 1958. The next was the Punjab National Bank, established in Lahore in 1895, which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India. Around the turn of the 20th Century, the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability. Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian Mutiny, and the social, industrial and other infrastructure had improved. Indians had established small banks, most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities. The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks. All these banks operated in different segments of the economy. The exchange banks, mostly owned by Europeans, concentrated on financing forei gn trade. Indian joint stock banks were generally undercapitalized and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks. This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe, In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times. We are like some old fashioned sailing ship, divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments. The period between 1906 and 1911, saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement. The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community. A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Bank of India, Corporation Bank, Indian Bank, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank and Central Bank of India. The fervour of Swadeshi movement lead to establishing of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district. Four national ised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank. Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as Cradle of Indian Banking. From World War I to Independence The period during the First World War (1914-1918) through the end of the Second World War (1939-1945), and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking. The years of the First World War were turbulent, and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war-related economic activities. At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table: |Years |Number of banks |Authorised capital |Paid-up Capital | | |that failed |(Rs. Lakhs) |(Rs. Lakhs) | |1913 |12 |274 |35 | |1914 |42 |710 |109 | |1915 |11 |56 |5 | |1916 |13 |231 |4 | |1917 |9 |76 |25 | |1918 |7 |209 |1 | Post-independence The partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab an d West Bengal, paralyzing banking activities for months. Indias independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez-faire for the Indian banking. The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation, and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy. This resulted into greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance. The major steps to regulate banking included: †¢ In 1948, the Reserve Bank of India, Indias central banking authority, was nationalized, and it became an institution owned by the Government of India. †¢ In 1949, the Banking Regulation Act was enacted which empowered the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to regulate, control, and inspect the banks in India. †¢ The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI, and no two banks could have common directors. However, despite these provisions, control and regulations, banks in India except the State Bank of India, continued to be owned and operated by private persons. This changed with the nationalisation of major banks in India on 19 July, 1969. Nationalisation By the 1960s, the Indian banking industry has become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy. At the same time, it has emerged as a large employer, and a debate has ensued about the possibility to nationalise the banking industry. Indira Gandhi, the-then Prime Minister of India expressed the intention of the GOI in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalisation. The paper was received with positive enthusiasm. Thereafter, her move was swift and sudden, and the GOI issued an ordinance and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of July 19, 1969. Jayaprakash Narayan , a national leader of India, described the step as a masterstroke of political sagacity. Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance, the Parliament passed the Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking) Bill, and it received the presidential approval on 9 August, 1969. A second dose of nationalization of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalization was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalization, the GOI controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank. It was the only merger between nationalized banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. After this, until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy. The nationalised banks were credited by some, includin g Home minister P. Chidambaram, to have helped the Indian economy withstand the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Liberalisation In the early 1990s, the then Narsimha Rao government embarked on a policy of liberalization, licensing a small number of private banks. These came to be known as New Generation tech-savvy banks, and included Global Trust Bank (the first of such new generation banks to be set up), which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce, Axis Bank(earlier as UTI Bank), ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank. This move, along with the rapid growth in the economy of India, revitalized the banking sector in India, which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks, namely, government banks, private banks and foreign banks. The next stage for the Indian banking has been setup with the proposed relaxation in the norms for Foreign Direct Investment, where all Foreign Investors in banks may be given voting rights which could exceed the present cap of 10%, at present it has gone up to 49% with some restrictions. The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely. Bankers, till this time, were used to the 4-6-4 method (Borrow at 4%; Lend at 6%; Go home at 4) of functioning. The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech-savvy methods of working for traditional banks. All this led to the retail boom in India. People not just demanded more from their banks but also received more. Currently, banking in India is generally fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks. In terms of quality of assets and capital adequacy, Indian banks are considered to have clean, strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region. The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body, with minimal pressure from the government. The stated policy of the Bank on the I ndian Rupee is to manage volatility but without any fixed exchange rate-and this has mostly been true. With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time-especially in its services sector-the demand for banking services, especially retail banking, mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong. One may also expect MAs, takeovers, and asset sales. In March 2006, the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank (a private sector bank) to 10%. This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5% in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5% in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them. In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connection with housing, vehicle and personal loans. There are press reports that the banks loan recovery ef forts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide. BANKING SYSTEM The oxford dictionary defines the bank as â€Å"an establishment for the custody of money, which it pays out, on a customers’ order. † A banking company in India has been defined in the banking companies Act 1949, as â€Å"one which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawals by cheque, draft, order or otherwise. The banking system in an integral sub-system of the financial system. It represents an important channel of collecting small savings from the households and lending it to the corporate sector. The Indian Banking system has the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the apex body for all matters relating to the banking system. It is the’ central bank’ of India. It is the banker to all other banks. Classification of banks: 1. Non-scheduled Banks: These are banks, which are not included in the Second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. It means they do not satisfy the conditions laid down by that schedule. They are further classified as follows: *Central Co-operative Banks and Primary Credit Societies. *Commercial Banks. 2. Scheduled Banks: Scheduled Banks are banks, which are included in the second schedule of the Banking Regulation Act, 1965. According to this schedule a scheduled bank: Must have paid-up capital and reserve of not less than Rs. 5,00,000; Must also satisfy the RBI that its affairs are not conducted in a manner detrimental to the interests of its depositors. Scheduled banks are sub-divided as: *State – cooperative banks. *Commercial banks. State – cooperative banks: These are Co-operatives owned and managed by the state. Commercial banks: These are business entities whose main business is accepting deposits and extending loans. Their main objective is profit maximization and adding shareholder value. These are further sub-divided as: *Indian Banks: These banks are companies registered in India under the Companies Act. Their place of origin is in India. These are also sub-divided as: State Bank of India and its Subsidiaries: This group comprises of the State Bank of India (SBI) and its seven subsidiaries viz. , State Bank of Patiala, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Travancore, State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur, State Bank of Mysore, State Bank of Saurastra, State Bank of Indore. Other Nationalized Banks: This group consists of private sector banks that were nationalized. The Government of India Nationalized 14 private banks in 1969 and another 6 in the year 1980. Regional Rural Banks: These were established by the RBI in the year 1975 of Banking Commission. It was established to operate exclusively in rural areas to provide credit and other facilities. Old Private Sector Banks: This group consists of banks that were established by the privy states, community organizations or by a group of professional for the cause of economic betterment in their area of operations. Initially their operations were concentrated in a few regional areas. New Private Sector Banks: These banks were started as profit oriented companies after the RBI opened the banking sector to the private sector. These banks are mostly technology driven and better managed than other banks. Foreign Banks: These are banks that were registered outside India and had originated in a foreign country. Retail Banking According to investopedia. com, retail banking is typical mass-market banking where individual customers use local branches of larger commercial banks. Services offered include: savings and checking accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards, credit cards, and so forth. Types Of Retail Banks 1. Private bank Private Banks is a bank that is not incorporated. Either an individual or a general partner(s) with limited partner(s) owns a non-incorpor ated bank. In any such case, the creditors can look to both the entirety of [the banks] assets as well as the entirety of the sole- proprietors/general-partners assets. These banks have a long tradition in Switzerland, dating back to at least the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). 2. Commercial banking A commercial bank is a type of financial intermediary and a type of bank. Commercial bank has two possible meanings: Commercial bank is the term used for a normal bank to distinguish it from an investment bank. This is what people normally call a bank. The term commercial was used to distinguish it from an investment bank. Since the two types of banks no longer have to be separate companies, some have used the term commercial bank to refer to banks which focus mainly on companies. In some English-speaking countries outside North America, the term trading bank was and is used to denote a commercial bank. It raises funds by collecting deposits from businesses and consumers via checkable deposits, savings deposits, and time (or term) deposits. It makes loans to businesses and consumers. It also buys corporate bonds and government bonds. Its primary liabilities are deposits and primary assets are loans and bonds. Detailed information on banks sectoral exposure of credit reveals that over two-thirds of the credits flow has been on account of retail, housing and other priority sector loans. Banks credit flow exposure to large Enterprises continues to remain buoyant with recent indications that credit to agriculture and Micro credit has also picked up. The Investment Banking and Markets division brings together the advisory and financing, equity securities, asset management, treasury and capital markets, and private equity activities of the Group to complete the CIBM structure and provide a complete range of financial products to our clients. Increasingly, ECA financing is being considered by customers and we work closely with our project export fina nce teams, both onshore and offshore, to provide structured solutions. Growth And Present Status Of The Industry Commercial banking can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank that mostly deals with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to normal individual members of the public (retail banking). as in the Indian banking.. The most prominent on our minds in the context of banking these days, perhaps, are the implications arising out of the Basel II accord. Banks, as we all know, are subjected to more intense regulation as compared to the non-financial firms. This is probably because the banks possess certain special characteristics: Banks are much more leveraged than the other firms due to their capacity to garner public deposits. The asset liability structure of the banks is also different from not only the non-financial firms but also the financial firms. To illustrate, the risk in an insurance company arises mainly from the liability sid e of the balance sheet in the form of insurance claims whereas for the bank the risk mainly comes from the diminution of asset values (for example, illiquid loans that are not fully recoverable). The deposits which constitute a major part of the liability of banks are repayable on demand, unsecured and their principal amount does not change in value whereas the loans of a bank are illiquid and there can be erosion in the value of loans or of other assets. The liquidity transformation by an insurance company is in the reverse direction as compared to a bank. The balance-sheet structure of an insurance company is the least likely to give rise to systemic risk, whereas banks due to their typical asset liability mismatches i. e. long term assets funded by short term liabilities, may be prone to ‘run’ and pose a very high degree of potential systemic risk. The resolution costs of systemic bank insolvencies and significant problems can be substantial weighted differently. Basel I proposals forced the banks to look at credit risk and regulatory capital more closely than they had done earlier. As banks found ways to arbitrage regulatory capital, some of the provisions of Basel I became less relevant. Simultaneously, banks in the G-10 countries developed newer approaches to manage credit risk by building portfolio models for pricing, provisioning and allocating economic capital for the credit portfolios. These developments made the weaknesses in the Basel I framework more apparent and this set the stage for the creation of International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: A Revised Framework, popularly known as Basel II. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has observed that the fundamental objective in revising the 1988 Accord has been, and I quote, to develop a framework that would further strengthen the soundness and stability of the international banking system while maintaining sufficient consistency that capital a dequacy regulation will not be a significant source of competitive inequality among internationally active banks. The (Basel) Committee believes that the revised Framework will promote the adoption of stronger risk management practices by the banking industry, and views this as one of its major benefits. Future Of The Industry Reflecting on future prospects in banking, immediate focus has to be on the cleaning up of the remnants of undercapitalized banks, while concentrating on improvements in the rural co-operative credit system. It is also necessary to ensure improvements in their governance and financial management. In the banking system as a whole, a healthy credit culture encompassing appropriate pricing, quality of service, financial inclusion and contract enforcement would be vital. The Reserve Bank of India has, in the service of our country, a proven track record and professionalism, which have lent it considerable credibility – both domestically and globally. This credibility enables the RBI to confidently carry the reforms forward to credibly maintain price and financial stability, while enabling self-accelerating equitable growth at elevated levels. The Indian financial sector is ready for consolidation, said 95 per cent of the respondents. Given the increased competition, and the implementation of Basel II norms in the near future, the banking industry of the country would be better off with six to seven banks as big as State Bank of India, said the survey. However, voluntary mergers are better than forced ones. A majority of the public sector banks also demanded more autonomy to fix salary levels proportionate to performance. In order to improve employee productivity it is essential to offer competitive compensation packages at all levels, the survey said. About 92 per cent of the public sector banks respondents voiced that they do not have sufficient autonomy to offer attractive incentive packages to employees to ensure commit ment levels. Some banks also said that in one-years’ time, banks should be permitted to issue preference shares. According to the survey, some of the strengths of the banking industry are regulatory systems, economic growth, technological advancement, risk assessment systems and credit quality. Areas that need improvement include diversification of markets beyond big cities, human resources systems, size of banks, high transaction costs, infrastructure and labour inflexibilities. As per the survey some strategies that can help India achieve a world class banking system are consolidation, strict corporate governance norms, regional expansion within the country and outside, higher FDI limits and Free Trade Agreements with countries where India has comparative advantage in banking sector. Availability and reach of quality products is confined to just big cities. Thus it is essential now to expand the gamut of banking services both within India as well as outside, the survey s aid. However, banks in India are yet to effectively leverage technology. ICICI Bank has been acknowledged to be among the first to explore new mediums like Internet. India has among the lowest penetration of retail loans in Asia. Though the sector has been growing at around 15 per cent, there is still a huge opportunity to tap into. Interest rates on retail loans have been dropping rapidly too. For instance residential mortgages slumped by 7 per cent over the last four years. The entry of a number of banks in India in the last few years has helped provide increased coverage and a number of new products in the market, says Kamath. Banking sector today is estimated to be at Rs 17 trillion and total deposits are estimated at Rs 13 trillion.

Inflation and Government Economic Policies - 1147 Words

| Inflation and Government Economic Policies | M3:A2 | 5/1/2013 | | ECO 201 M3:A2 5/1/13 1. What is inflation? Inflation is an increase in prices for goods and services (What is Inflation?). What are the causes of inflation? Inflation has a variety of possible causes, but they are between the Keynesian and monetarist theories, ranging between demand-pull, cost-push, built-in inflation, and the quantity model. With demand-pull, inflation is caused by aggregate demand being more than supply. With cost-push, inflation is caused when manufacturers and businesses raise prices due to shortages in order to balance increases in production costs. With built-in inflation, inflation occurs due to prior increases in prices†¦show more content†¦Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, by expenditure category, 2013). (Consumer Price Index-All Urban Consumers). 3. What is the Producer Price Index (PPI)? Producer Price Index (PPI) is an economic index that keeps track of the cost of production or wholesale prices for certain goods and services (What Is a Producer Price Index?). How has the PPI behaved since the year 2000? The PPI behavior has decreased since the year 2000. What have been the causes of these changes? In your response, include a graph of the PPI for this period and cite your source. The causes of these changes are due to a decline in finished goods such as finished energy. Finished energy has fell 3.4 percent in March, marking it the largest decline since 2010 with a 3.5 percent decrease. There was also a 6.8 percent decline in gasoline due lower prices for diesel fuel and home heating oil (Short, 2013). (Short, 2013). 4. What is the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE)? Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) is a survey that provides information on the buying and spending habits of consumers in an economy (What Is Consumer Expenditure?). 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Epistemology Annie Dillard and Sven Birkerts Essay example Example For Students

Epistemology: Annie Dillard and Sven Birkerts Essay example Knowledge plays a significant role in all aspects of our lives. It’s facts, information, and skills that are obtained by a person through experience and education. Annie Dillard and Sven Birkerts explore the theory of knowledge, otherwise known as epistemology in their essays â€Å"Seeing† and â€Å"The Owl Has Flown.† The knowledge we gain contributes to the outcome of our lives, but only we can come to that conclusion with how we interpret this knowledge. In Annie Dillard’s Essay â€Å"Seeing† she describes her beliefs about how people become aware of their knowledge and how the proper perception can provide someone with a greater understanding and appreciation of the world we live in. This appreciation and understanding of knowledge is her answer how to live a fortunate and meaningful life. Dillard supports her beliefs by telling the story of when she was a small child she used to hide pennies leaving a trail of clues for people to find them. â€Å"The world is fairly studded and strewn with pennies cast broadside from a generous hand. But- and this is the point- who gets excited about a mere penny† (Dillard, 39)? When someone sees a sign that says MONEY THIS WAY they are expecting at least a couple dollars not a single penny. (Dillard, 40) After reading this I found it strange as to why anyone would be disappointed for only finding a penny. Yes, they probably got their hopes up hoping to find a million dollars, but shouldn’t the fact that someone was thinking of them hoping for them to smile be enough? People are let down and disappointed in reality because they are expecting to see what they want to see. They are not walking into a situation open minded appreciative of whatever they will find. Growing up we are constantly learning as children, but those who are truly knowledgeable continue to learn throughout the rest of their lives. This allows them to keep discovering new ways to view the world and also allows them to keep an open mind and open eye to their surroundings because nature and life is a rather now you see it now you don’t affair (Dillard, 40). The truly knowledgeable see in an artificial obvious way, seeing what you don’t expect to see, rather than natural obvious, seeing what you expect to see (Dillard, 42). â€Å"As soon as you can forget the natural obvious and construct an artificial obvious, then you too will see deer.† Dillard supports this idea through her story of the bullfrog. She tells the story about the unexpectedly large frog that she could not point out. Her peers could see the frog in the distance, but she could not so finally she asks, â€Å"What color am I looking for?† Her peers tell her the color of the frog is green. After she finally spotted it she realized it wasn’t green at all, but a more wet hickory bark color. Dillard couldn’t find the frog right off the back because she was expecting to find a green frog. I find it interesting as to why our minds find it normal to look for things that are natural to us. Why is it that it’s not natural to seek out abnormal instead? If you open your mind and let yourself think in a way that’s unnatural to you, then you will start to notice the little unnoticed things in life. This knowledge allows you to truly see and observe the world around you and seeing is a key concept to happiness and success. Seeing allows us to not only open our minds but also open our hearts. Its not how much information you know that makes you knowledagble its how you obtained that information and what you make of it afterwards. .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .postImageUrl , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:hover , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:visited , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:active { border:0!important; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:active , .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470 .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u465233069008bc4297e6582b5fab4470:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seeing by Annie Dillard and Our Perception of the World EssayBirkerts describes epistemology in our flaws of reading extensively . â€Å"From the Middle Ages until sometime after 1750, according to Engelsing, men read â€Å"intensively.† They had only a few books-the Bible, an almanac, a devotional work or two-and they read them over and over again, usually aloud and in groups so that a narrow range of traditional literature became deeply impressed on their consciousness† (Birkerts, 30). Those who know little can still be knowledgeable. â€Å"In our culture access is not the problem, but proliferation is. And the reading act is necessarily different than it was in its earliest days. Awed and intimidated by the availability of texts, faced with the all but impossible task of discriminating among them, the reader tends to move across surfaces, skimming, hastening from one site to the next without allowing the words to resonate inwardly† (Birkerts, 31). In the earlier days people only had a small selection of books to choose from, but they read the books they had thoroughly, and acquired in depth knowledge from each book. Because these men spent hours on end reading these same books over and over again page by page they sincerely understood the story being told. Birkerts explicates clearly that in present time we read extensively, otherwise known as reading horizontally. We pick up a book, skim across it lightly, and move on to next because we have the option to do so now. Because we skim across reading material were not fully gaining any knowledge. We read it and file it away in our brain unsolved like a cold case. There’s n o outcome as to what we can do with this knowledge because in order to make something of it you have to understand it. Dillard’s theory of natural obvious and artificial obvious merges with Birkerts idea of reading intensively and extensively. Reading extensively is just another way at unsuccessfully seeing in an artificial obvious way. By skimming across what we read not taking in the information thoroughly we read in a natural obvious way. We pick parts and pieces we seem to find intuitive, but by doing this we gain no knowledge. By reading intensively we read in an artificial obvious way. We read the material over and over again open-minded and notice the true message hidden within the words. From there you can go on and use your knowledge to obtain success. By reading intensively we have a greater chance at using the knowledge we gain to achieve a favorable outcome. â€Å"For how we receive information bears vitally on the ways we experience and interpret reality† (Birkerts, 31). Think of it like a math test for example. If you practice for your test once the likelihood of you passing is slim, but if you study your material over and over again until you’ve completely know how to get everything right you’re likely to pass with flying colors. This example leads to my disagreement with Birkerts. He believes that since we do have a larger selection of reading material that reading intensively is practically extinct. This seems to mean what he basically describes, we glance at a book and move on to the next because we have the option to do so, but it could also mean that we seek out other information because the previous does not live up to our standards. I can tell you that I’ve read many series of books multiple times and pretty much know them like the back of my hand. I believe that it’s not the amount of books we have that determines whether we read intensively or extensively but the book itself and how it personally collides with us as an individual. Throughout Annie Dillard essay â€Å"Seeing† and Sven Birkerts essay â€Å"The Owl Has Flown† both authors brilliantly inform us how epistemology affects our lives. Whether it’s seeing and gaining knowledge naturally or artificially, or whether it reading intensively or extensively, all that matters is what we as individuals make of it. Only you can choose your outcome. Only you can choose to open your mind, and only you can learn from it. Life will flash by in the blink of an eye. There is no time to waist not truly understanding and appreciating the world we live in. Life is a day-to-day journey and you should live each and every one as if it was your last. So take the time to read that book at least one more time, even if you don’t like so that one day that knowledge you gain can help you later in life. And the next time you seek out something you can’t find, stop looking for what your looking for and it just might appear. .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .postImageUrl , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:hover , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:visited , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:active { border:0!important; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:active , .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf60e12f92e676d983ffe3ea5081c53db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Prevention For Opioid Drug Abuse EssayWorks Cited Birkerts, Sven. The Owl Has Flown. Think Vertically! Southlake: Fountainhead, 2012. 29-36. Print. Dillard, Annie. Seeing. Think Vertically! Southlake: Fountainhead, 2012. 39-55. Print.

City of God Essay Topics

City of God Essay TopicsA City of God essay topic is a very broad topic and can be tackled by any student, provided they are prepared to do the research and spend time on it. The Internet is full of good essays about the city of God, for example, theology, God, Heaven, Hell, the Bible, Catholic theology, Christian cosmology, Biblical cosmology, Earth, Christianity and religious wars, theology and many other topics. The writer will have to spend some time looking at the Internet and writing an essay on any of the topics they want to look at.Religionists will spend a lot of time researching what aspects of Christianity are in contradiction to what the Holy Scripture says. They will also spend time looking into the historical events that occurred before Christ's birth, the sins of man, why God drowned Sodom and Gomorrah, the Bible accounts of the life of Jesus and the crucifixion, and many other issues.In addition, there are those who study traditional Christianity and argue against it, many of which are just as smart as some of the traditionalists. For example, those who believe in evolution claim that the Bible, and all the Old Testament books, are not inspired of God.It would also be a good idea to make up a list of essay topics for the person writing the city of God essay. This way, when they come across any topic, they know exactly what it is, and they can write a good paper on it.When looking for subjects for the essay, there are many different good questions to ask oneself. The essay should be able to stand alone, but it should be interesting enough to be read, or else the reader will just ignore it.The essay should also be able to be written in a way that will get across its point, but it should be able to answer the theological issues raised in the paper, as well. There are many writers who will attempt to write the same paper multiple times, and this is a bad thing. It is better to spend time looking for subjects and then move on to the next one.When loo king for subjects, it is also important to consider how much of the topic needs to be covered. For example, the essay should not be five hundred pages long on the one topic, and then another ten pages on another subject.For the purpose of this course, topics like Hell and Heaven, Satan, the Devil, heaven and hell, God and people, love, marriage, sex, relationships, marriages, abortion, and so on, all need to be covered. On the other hand, topics like evangelism, divinity, spirituality, issues related to the Old Testament, verses that are in conflict with the New Testament, and other points that may not necessarily be theological issues, but which do affect the belief system of a believer, should also be covered.

Make Your Essay Topic Based on Social Class Norms

Make Your Essay Topic Based on Social Class NormsThe introduction of the SAT writing part was a blessing for most students, as it created an open space for them to use their creativity and put their creative talents to the test. More so, they are allowed to write about social classes in American society, in their own words. However, not all students succeed in writing their essays in social classes as the essay topics are poorly chosen.To the best of my knowledge, there is no recognized criterion to determine which students can write about social classes and which cannot. For example, the criteria may be given in the introduction to the exam, which the teacher will read to the students before taking the exam. However, judging the quality of the essay based on the essay topic is wrong.My personal view is that if a teacher gives the students a 'list' of topics (testicle) they must discuss, then that testicle should be based on well-known social class norms. When a topic has more than o ne topic, a student who is in poor social class should try to come up with topics for the first or second topic, even if that topic is embarrassing.Of course, I can't actually say which topics are socially inappropriate for any given student because the social class norms are subjective. If a teacher declares that 'all teachers are equal' and his or her students behave badly, that would have nothing to do with the student's ability to evaluate his or her writing skills. However, my point is that it would be a wrong choice of essay topics if it is based on politically correct ideas.In fact, I would say that the very concept of putting a topic on the essay does not make sense. There should not be a topic that only an 'equal' teacher can judge and those who behave badly could not.Sociological study of classes is not an easy task, as some teachers make students commit a sin by asking them to prove their knowledge of social classes. You can always find an exception, but in general, that will be the rule. The students are free to choose their topic for their essay, but they shouldn't make the topic taboo.Also, I have seen so many test takers who didn't know what the essay was for, while those who were in good social class could identify the test questions. Most test takers do not know the exact reason why they failed and they have nothing to blame except themselves. For these students, their essay topics shouldn't be based on social class norms, but on the topic of their course.

The Foolproof Ryan Ielts Essay Samples Strategy

The Foolproof Ryan Ielts Essay Samples Strategy What works for a single individual may not operate for a different. It is crucial to learn to structure all these types. The B1 scales are definitely the most similar. Utilizing a computer daily can have more negative than positive impacts on children. Academic Task 1 enables you to demonstrate you could understand visual data and importantly, you could describe it into a manner that demonstrates this understanding. A high number of criminals who serve their very first prison sentence, leave prison simply to reoffend. Here's What I Know About Ryan Ielts Essay Samples These non-productive things waste an unbelievable quantity of time that could be better spent improving your likelihood of finding the score you want. My answer is The opportunity for finding the score you want in 1 month is really unpredictable. Every day, I anticipate going to get the job done. During the last decade there's been a prolific rise in the range of fast food restaurants. Many people discover that it's difficult to be considering learning new things. A great deal of food consumed is processed food, especially with respect to ready-made meals that are a fast and effortless alternative for parents that are working hard. Many people would rather spend money, not save it. Provide your views and a few examples. School affects your entire life because in the event you don't acquire great grades you might currently be in a position to receive an excellent job your entire life. Anyway, it was the identical condition as girls. If a student who visit a university that only accept males or females, they wouldn't be full fledge to address numerous issues that are going to be encountered once they graduate. In addition, in the event of young folks, teachers often must force students to learn through the usage of punishments. Ruthless Ryan Ielts Essay Samples Strategies Exploited Essay appears when it is possible to find whatever you can discover absolutely free ielts practice. To acquire a high score on your IELTS essay, you want to understand what an amazing essay is made up of. To have a high score on your ielts essay you should understand what a terrific essay is made up of. This essay will handle a number of the illegal acts enabled by the world wide web and propose solutions. Many essay service which is writing totally free samples to steer you about what style of essay or what kind of treatment plan for a topic you love your essay to get. It, you might still change your purchase info, like the selection of pages, the title, or the instructions for your paper whenever you have published your buy and the writers have started applying for. Even if today you think you're a terrible writer, you can learn how to take care of your essay and make it far more efficient. Even if you believe you're a bad writer today, you can learn to take your simple essay and transform it into something a lot more effective. To summarize, it is obvious that computers are now part of our routine life. From a personal viewpoint, computers can help young folks to learn more concerning the world. In the present modern world, they are an essential part of everyday life. The opening paragraph has all of the important details about the graph but itparaphrasesthe question. You ought to use words that aren't typical in an everyday conversation. The application isn't able to end up replicated around many different destinations for the reason why that regarding this type of, in addition to it shouldn't be duplicated inside this manner. You may want to include examples of an awful conclusion, too. The IELTS examiner is simply interested in your usage of language, not in the caliber of your ideas. Have a look at the questions and become familiarized with topics you would get on the actual exam. Both exams are frequently accepted. To discover which exam in every level is simpler than the other, we can simply count how many writing styles they're expected to understand how to produce. There are not any obvious differences between both exams. There is a broad variety of quite natural vocabulary necessary to spell out a graph and there are not any spelling mistakes. There aren't any grammar mistakes in the answer and there's an exceptional selection of complex structures. An intriguing mixture of complex grammar structures will also need to be produced.

Essay About Hemophilia - Writes Your Online Essay

Essay About Hemophilia - Writes Your Online EssayIf you are having trouble with the skills needed to write your essay about hemophilia, I have a tip for you. There are very helpful essay samples about hemophilia on the Internet. These online essays are just as good as the full-length original writing. Just follow the tips below and you will be all set.The first thing you need to do is check out the resource box of the essay sample. This box is often located at the bottom of the page in your Internet browser. You will want to click this resource box to find the kind of essay that you want.The resources list is a great place to start because it will show you all of the quality essay samples about hemophilia. You can then choose the one that suits your needs. In addition, the resources list will also show you how to download these essays so that you can print them and get started right away. Some of the essay samples about hemophilia are free to access, but others will cost you a dollar or two.Also, before you print out any of the essay samples about hemophilia, make sure that you scan or save the document on a CD so that you can keep it on your computer. Do not print it from your PC, because there may be formatting problems. Try downloading it to your PC from your Internet browser. If you get formatting errors, you will be able to fix them by using your printer and some computer printer software.Once you have printed out the sample, start off by writing the introduction. This will go over the topics that you want to cover in your essay. Then you will want to write down the necessary information that you know about hemophilia. Make sure that you do not just copy and paste the information from the essay samples.You should also make sure that you don't become too academic about the essay. Instead, try to be light-hearted. This will make your essay more interesting and easy to read. Just be sure that you are doing your homework.It is a great idea to actually talk to your doctor about the topic. This is a good way to go about essay writing. Having a good discussion with your doctor about the topic will help you write a more interesting essay.